The Academic Ranking of World Universities[1] is compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai Jiao Tong University (simplified Chinese: 上海交通大学; traditional Chinese: 上海交通大學; pinyin: Shànghǎi Jiāotōng Dàxué; abbreviated Jiao Da or SJTU), located in Shanghai, is one of the oldest and most influential universities in China. The university is under the jurisdiction of both the Ministry of Education and’s Graduate School of Education. The ranking compared 1200 higher education institutions worldwide according to a formula In mathematics and in the sciences, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically (as in a mathematical or chemical formula), or a general relationship between quantities. One of many famous formulae is Albert Einstein's E = mc² (see special relativity) that took into account alumni winning Nobel Prizes The Nobel Prize is a Swedish prize, established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. An associated prize, The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was instituted by Sweden's central bank in and Fields Medals The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians not over 40 years of age at each International Congress of the International Mathematical Union, a meeting that takes place every four years. The Fields Medal is often viewed as the top honor a mathematician can receive. It comes with a monetary award, which in 2006 was C$15, (10 percent), staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals (20 percent), “highly-cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories” (20 percent), articles published in Nature Nature is a prominent scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. Although most scientific journals are now highly specialized, Nature is one of the few journals, along with other weekly journals such as Science and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, that still publishes original research articles across a wide range of and Science Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious scientific journals. The peer-reviewed journal, first published in 1880 is circulated weekly and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve (20 percent), the Science Citation Index Science Citation Index is a citation index originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 1960, which is now owned by Thomson Reuters. The online version (Science Citation Index Expanded) covers 6,400 of the world's leading journals of science and technology, but mainly those in the English language. It is made available and Social Sciences Citation Index (20 percent) and the per capita academic performance (on the indicators above) of an institution (10 percent). The methodology is set out in an academic article by its originators, N.C. Liu and Y. Cheng[2]. Liu and Cheng explain that the original purpose of doing the ranking was “to find out the gap between Chinese universities and world-class universities, particularly in terms of academic or research performance.”[3] The rankings have been conducted since 2003 and then updated annually.

Contents

Commentary

As the first multi-indicator ranking of global universities, ARWU has attracted a great deal of attention from universities, governments and public media worldwide since its publication. A survey on higher education published by The Economist The Economist is an English-language weekly news and international affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd. and edited in London. Continuous publication began under founder James Wilson in September 1843. While The Economist calls itself a "newspaper", each issue appears on glossy paper, like a newsmagazine. In 2007, it in 2005 commented ARWU as “the most widely used annual ranking of the world’s research universities” [4]. Bollag (2006) wrote on Chronicle of Higher Education that ARWU “is considered the most influential international ranking”[5].

One of the factors in the significant influence of ARWU is that its methodology looks globally sound and transparent. EU Research Headlines reported the ARWU’s work on 31st Dec 2003: “The universities were carefully evaluated using several indicators of research performance.”[6] Chancellor of Oxford University The University of Oxford , located in the City of Oxford, Oxfordshire, Great Britain, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. It is also regarded as one of the world's leading academic institutions and best university in the UK according to all recent League tables of British universities. The name is sometimes abbreviated as Oxon, Prof. Chris Patten, said “the methodology looks fairly solid ... it looks like a pretty good stab at a fair comparison.” Vice-Chancellor of Australian National University The Australian National University, commonly abbreviated to ANU, is a public teaching and research university located in Canberra, Australia, the federal capital city. This university was established by an act of the Parliament of Australia on 1 August 1946, with the legislated purpose of conducting and promoting research in Australia, Prof. Ian Chubb, said “The SJTU rankings were reported quickly and widely around the world… (and they) offer an important comparative view of research performance and reputation.” Margison (2007) also commented the ARWU ranking that one of the strengths of “the academically rigorous and globally inclusive Jiao Tong approach” is “constantly tuning its rankings and invites open collaboration in that”[7].

Notably, the ARWU ranking and its content have been widely cited and applied as a starting point for identifying national strengths and weaknesses as well as facilitating reform and setting new initiatives. Bill Destler (2008), the president of the Rochester Institute of Technology, draw reference to the ARWU ranking to analyze the comparative advantages the Western Europe and US have in terms of intellectual talent and creativity in his publication in the journal Nature Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical world or material world. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. It ranges in scale from the subatomic to the cosmic[8]. European commissioner of Education, Jan Figel, pointed out in an interview in 2007 that “if you look at the Shanghai index, we are the strongest continent in terms of numbers and potential but we are also shifting into a secondary position in terms of quality and attractiveness. If we don't act we will see an uptake or overtake by Chinese or Indian universities.”[9] Also, Enserink (2007) referred to ARWU and argued in his paper published in Science Science refers to any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome. In this sense, science may refer to a highly skilled technique or practice that “France’s poor showing in the Shanghai ranking ... helped trigger a national debate about higher education that resulted in a new law... giving universities more freedom”[10]. The world leading think tank organisation, Rand Corporation The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit global policy think tank first formed to offer research and analysis to the United States armed forces. The organization has long since expanded to working with other governments, private foundations, international organizations, and commercial organizations on a host of non-defense issues. RAND aims for, also used the ARWU ranking as evidence in their consultancy paper to the European Institute of Innovation and Technology[11].

Criticism

College and university rankings In higher education, college and university rankings are listings of universities and liberal arts colleges in an order determined by any combination of factors. Rankings can be based on subjectively perceived "quality," on some combination of empirical statistics, or on surveys of educators, scholars, students, prospective students, or often stimulate controversy (see Criticism of college and university rankings (North America) Criticism of college and university rankings refers to movements which developed among faculty and administrators in American Institutions of Higher Education as well as in Canada and Criticism of college and university rankings (2007 United States)) and the ARWU is no exception. A 2007 paper published in the journal Scientometrics found that the results from the Shanghai rankings could not be reproduced from raw data using the method described by Liu and Cheng.[12]

In a report from April 2009, J-C. Billaut, D. Bouyssou and Ph. Vincke analyze how the ARWU works, using their insights as specialists of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Their main conclusions are that the criteria that are used are not relevant, that the aggregation methodology is plagued by a number of major problems and that the whole exercise suffers from an insufficient attention paid to fundamental structuring issues [13].

The ARWU researchers themselves, N.C Liu and Y Cheng[14], think that the quality of universities cannot be precisely measured by mere numbers and any ranking can be controversial. They suggest that university and college rankings should be used with cautions and their methodologies must be read carefully before reporting or using the results.

Rankings

The table below contains the rankings from 2003 to 2008 for all universities which ranked at least 100 in one of the years.[1] The ranking is omitted for years in which the school did not land within the top 100. Note, the full ranking contains over 500 universities. If a university is not listed in this table, it fell below 100 in all six years.

University 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Aarhus University 93
Arizona State University Arizona State University is the largest public research university in the United States under a single administration, with total student enrollment of 67,082 as of fall 2008. ASU is spread across four campuses in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, and is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents 100 96 93
Australian National University The Australian National University, commonly abbreviated to ANU, is a public teaching and research university located in Canberra, Australia, the federal capital city. This university was established by an act of the Parliament of Australia on 1 August 1946, with the legislated purpose of conducting and promoting research in Australia 49 53 53 54 57 59
Boston University Boston University is a private nonsectarian university located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Although chartered by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1869, Boston University traces its roots to the establishment of the Newbury Biblical Institute in Newbury, Vermont in 1839. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 193 98 86 86 81 83 83
Brown University Brown University is a private university located in Providence, Rhode Island, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1764 prior to American independence from the British Empire as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations early in the reign of King George III , Brown is the third-oldest institution of higher 49 82 82 85 70 71
California Institute of Technology The California Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. The Institute maintains a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering, and operates and manages NASA's neighboring Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Caltech is a small school, with only about 2100 students (about 900 3 6 6 6 6 6
Carnegie Mellon University Coordinates: 40°26′36″N 79°56′37″W / 40.443322°N 79.943583°W Carnegie Mellon University is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Since its inception, Carnegie Mellon has grown into a world-renowned institution, with numerous programs that are frequently ranked among the best in the world. In the most recent 61 62 62 56 60 62
Case Western Reserve University Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland, Ohio. It was created in 1967 by the federation of Case Institute of Technology (founded in 1881 by philanthropist Leonard Case Jr.) and Western Reserve University (founded in 1826 in the area that was once the Connecticut Western Reserve) 51 65 65 70 78 83
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York , is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia's main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. The institution was established as King's College by the Church of England, receiving a Royal Charter in 1754 10 9 9 7 7 7
Cornell University Cornell University, located in Ithaca, New York, USA, is a private university and a member of the Ivy League. Cornell is one of two private land grant universities, and has four state-supported statutory or contract colleges. Its two medical campuses are located in New York City and Education City, Qatar 12 12 12 12 12 12
Duke University Duke University is a private research university located in Durham, North Carolina, United States. Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838, the school moved to Durham in 1892. In 1924, tobacco industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment, prompting the institution to change its name in honor 32 31 31 31 32 32
École Normale Supérieure - Paris The École normale supérieure is a French grande école (higher education establishment outside the mainstream framework of the public universities system). The ENS was initially conceived during the Revolution, and intended to provide the Republic with a new body of teachers, trained in the critical spirit and secular values of the Enlightenment 85 85 99 83 73
Emory University Emory University is a private research university in the metropolitan area of Atlanta in the Druid Hills CDP in unincorporated Dekalb County, Georgia. In addition to its two undergraduate divisions, Emory has nine graduate and professional schools, including schools of business, law, medicine, theology, nursing, and public health, as well as 99
Free University of Berlin The Free University of Berlin is the largest of the four universities in Berlin. Research at the university is focused on humanities and social sciences and on health and natural sciences. In October 2007, it was awarded "elite university" status by the German Science Foundation for the quality of its research through the Initiative for 95 99 83
Harvard University Harvard University is a private university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1636 by the colonial Massachusetts legislature, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. It is also the first and oldest corporation in North America. Administratively, Harvard comprises ten 1 1 1 1 1 1
Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Hebrew University of Jerusalem is Israel's oldest university 94 90 90 60 64 65
Humboldt University of Berlin The Humboldt University of Berlin is Berlin's oldest university, founded in 1810 as the University of Berlin (Universität zu Berlin) by the liberal Prussian educational reformer and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt, whose university model has strongly influenced other European and Western universities. From 1828 it was known as the Frederick William 95 95
Imperial College London Imperial's main campus is located in South Kensington in Central London, on the boundary between the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea and the City of Westminster, with its front entrance on Exhibition Road. Including Imperial's other campuses, there is a total of 525,233 square metres of property which is the largest operational estate of 17 23 23 23 23 27
Indiana University - Bloomington Indiana University is the flagship campus of the Indiana University system. It is also known as "Indiana University Bloomington," "Indiana," or simply IU, and is located in Bloomington, Indiana 97 90 92
Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University, commonly referred to as Hopkins or JHU, is a private research university located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Johns Hopkins also maintains full-time campuses elsewhere in Maryland, Washington, D.C., Italy, China and Singapore. It is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities 24 22 22 20 19 20
Karolinska Institutet Karolinska Institutet is one of Europe's largest medical universities. It was founded in 1810 and is located in Solna, just outside Stockholm 39 46 46 48 53 51
King's College London King's, so named to indicate the patronage of King George IV, was founded in 1829 in response to the founding of "London University", latterly known as University College London, in 1826. UCL was founded, with the backing of Jews, Utilitarians and non-Anglican Christians, as a secular institution, intended to educate "the youth of 75 77 77 83 83 81
Kyoto University Kyoto University , or Kyodai (京大, Kyōdai?) is a major national university in Kyoto, Japan. It is the second oldest university in Japan, and formerly one of the Imperial Universities of Japan. The university has a total of about 22,000 students enrolled in its undergraduate and graduate programs 30 21 21 22 22 23
Lund University Lund University , located in Lund in southernmost Sweden, is one of Sweden's most prestigious universities and one of Scandinavia's largest institutions for education and research, frequently ranked among the world's top 100 universities. The university was founded in 1666 and is the second oldest Swedish university, but can arguably trace its 93 92 92 90 97 97
Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological research. MIT is one of two private land-grant universities[b] and is also a sea- 6 5 5 5 5 5
McGill University McGill University is one of the world's top research-intensive, public universities located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland, whose bequest formed the beginning of the university. Founded in 1821, McGill is one of the oldest universities in Canada. Chartered during the 79 61 61 62 63 60
McMaster University McMaster University is a public research university located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. It bears the name of William McMaster, a prominent Canadian Senator and banker whose substantial bequeathed funds helped form the beginning of the university. The institution being incorporated under the terms of an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 86 88 88 90 87 89
Michigan State University Michigan State University is a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan USA. Founded in 1855, it was the pioneer land-grant institution and served as a model for future land-grant colleges in the United States under the 1862 Morrill Act. Its alumni include at least six winners of the Pulitzer Prize. MSU’s record of Rhodes Scholars 87 80 80 80 80 83
Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , for a time the Lomonosov University or MSU (Russian: университе́т Ломоно́сова, Universitét Lomonósova; Russian: МГУ, MGU), is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be the oldest university in Russia and the tallest educational building in the world 66 66 70 76 70
Nagoya University 68 97 97 98 94
New York University New York University is a private, nonsectarian, research university in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is the largest private, nonprofit institution of higher education in the United States, with an enrollment of more than 50,000 students 55 32 32 29 30 31
North Carolina State University The North Carolina General Assembly founded NC State on March 7, 1887, as a land-grant college. Today, NC State has an enrollment of more than 33,000 students, making it the largest university in North Carolina. While NC State has historical strengths in agriculture, design, engineering and textiles, it now offers 9 associate's degrees in 99
Northwestern University Northwestern University is a non-sectarian private research university located in Evanston, Illinois and downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States. Northwestern's main campus is a 240-acre (97 ha) parcel in Evanston, along the shore of Lake Michigan. Northwestern's professional schools are located in the Streeterville neighborhood of downtown 29 30 30 33 29 30
Ohio State University The Ohio State University is a public research university located in Columbus, Ohio. It was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and is currently the largest single-campus university in the United States. Ohio State is currently ranked by U.S. News & World Report as the best public university in Ohio, among the top 150 universities in 81 73 73 66 61 62
Osaka University Osaka University , or Handai (阪大, Handai?), is a major national university in Osaka, Japan. It is the sixth oldest university in Japan, as the Prefectural Osaka Medical College, and formerly one of the Imperial Universities of Japan 53 54 54 61 67 68
Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University is a state-related, land-grant, space grant public research university located in University Park, Pennsylvania, United States. The University has 24 campuses throughout the state of Pennsylvania, including a virtual World Campus, with University Park being its largest campus. Penn State University Park (commonly 40 43 43 42 43 42
Princeton University Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League and is considered one of the Colonial Colleges 7 7 7 8 8 8
Purdue University 80 71 71 73 68 65
Rice University 61 75 75 87 87 97
Rockefeller University 28 29 29 30 30 32
Rutgers University 38 44 44 46 47 54
Stanford University 2 2 2 3 2 2
Stockholm University 97 97 84 86 86
ETH Zurich 25 27 27 27 27 24
Technical University of Munich 60 45 45 54 56 57
Texas A&M University 70 88 91 88
Tohoku University 64 69 69 76 76 79
Tokyo Institute of Technology 89 99
Tokyo University 19 14 14 19 20 19
Tufts University 83 99 99
University of Arizona 55 76 76 76 74 77
University of Basel 96 91 91 81 82 87
University of Birmingham 93 93 90 92 91
University of Bonn 99 99 99 97
University of Bristol 55 60 60 62 62 61
University of British Columbia 35 36 36 36 36 35
University of California, Berkeley 4 4 4 4 3 3
University of California, Davis 36 42 42 42 43 48
University of California, Irvine 44 55 55 44 45 46
University of California, Los Angeles 15 16 16 14 13 13
University of California, San Diego 14 13 13 13 14 14
University of California, San Francisco 13 17 17 18 18 18
University of California, Santa Barbara 26 35 35 35 35 36
University of California, Riverside 88
University of Cambridge 5 3 3 2 4 4
University of Chicago 11 10 10 8 9 9
University College London 20 25 25 26 25 22
University of Colorado, Boulder 31 34 34 34 34 34
University of Copenhagen 65 59 59 56 46 45
University of Edinburgh 43 47 47 52 53 55
University of Florida 75 67 67 53 51 58
University of Freiburg 88 88 93 94 96
University of Ghent 99
University of Goettingen 91 79 79 85 87 90
University of Groningen 84
University of Heidelberg 58 64 64 66 65 67
University of Helsinki 74 72 72 74 73 68
University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 45 25 25 25 26 26
University of Illinois at Chicago 96
University of Iowa 90 95 97
University of Leiden 78 63 63 72 71 76
University of Manchester 89 78 53 50 48 40
University of Maryland at College Park 75 57 57 37 37 37
University of Melbourne 92 82 82 78 79 73
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 21 19 19 21 21 21
University of Minnesota - Twin Cities 37 33 33 32 33 28
University of Munich 48 51 51 51 53 55
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 52 56 56 59 58 38
University of Nottingham 80 80 79 81 82
University of Oslo 63 68 68 68 69 64
University of Oxford 9 8 8 10 10 10
University of Paris 6 (Pierre and Marie Curie University) 65 41 41 45 39 42
University of Paris 11 (Paris-Sud 11 University) 72 48 48 64 52 49
University of Pennsylvania 18 15 15 15 15 15
University of Pittsburgh 53 48 48 48 49 52
University of Rochester 72 52 52 74 75 73
Sapienza University of Rome 70 93 93 100
University of Sheffield 68 69 69 69 72 77
University of Southern California 40 48 48 47 50 50
University of Strasbourg I (Louis Pasteur University) 82 82 96 99
University of Sydney 97
University of Texas - Austin 47 40 40 39 38 39
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 34 36 36 38 39 41
University of Toronto 23 24 24 24 23 24
University of Utah 81 95 95 94 93 79
University of Utrecht 40 39 39 40 42 47
University of Vienna 84 86 86
University of Virginia 67 95
University of Washington 16 20 20 17 16 16
University of Wisconsin - Madison 27 18 18 16 17 17
University of Zurich 45 57 57 58 58 53
Uppsala University 59 74 74 65 66 71
Vanderbilt University 32 38 38 41 41 42
Washington University in St. Louis 22 28 28 28 28 29
Yale University 8 11 11 11 11 11

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ a b Shanghai Jiao Tong University (2007). "Academic Ranking of World Universities". Graduate School of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. http://www.arwu.org/. Retrieved on Feb 19 2008.
  2. ^ N.C. Liu and Y Cheng 2005 “Academic ranking of world universities - methodologies and problems”, Higher Education in Europe, Vol. 30, No 2., and earlier in the proceedings of Meeting of the International Rankings Expert Group 2004.
  3. ^ N.C. Liu and Y Cheng 2008 “Academic ranking of world universities: FAQ”[1], retrieved Jun 2009
  4. ^ The brains business, The Economist, Sep 8th 2005[2]
  5. ^ Bollag, B. 2006 International group endorses principles for ranking of higher education institutions. Chronicle of Higher Education, June 1st[3]
  6. ^ European Research Headlines 2003 Chinese study ranks world’s top 500 universities[4]
  7. ^ Marginson, S. 2007 Global university comparisons: the second stage. Paper presented at the Symposium on International Trends in University Ranking and Classifications. Feb 12, 2007, Griffith University, Australia [5]
  8. ^ Destler, B. 2008 A new relationship. Nature, 453, 853-854, Dec 2008[6]
  9. ^ Figel, A. 2007 Asia threatens to knock British universities off the top table, The Times [7]
  10. ^ Enserink, M. 2007 Who ranks the university rankers? Science vol317(5841), pp.1026-1028{http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/317/5841/1026}
  11. ^ Galama, T. et al. 2006 The Pursuit of Excellence. A European Institute of Technology. [8]
  12. ^ Răzvan V. Florian (June 2007). "Irreproducibility of the results of the Shanghai academic ranking of world universities". Scientometrics 72 (1): 25–32. doi:10.1007/s11192-007-1712-1. http://www.springerlink.com/content/5672012246786l8j/.
  13. ^ Jean-Charles Billaut, Denis Bouyssou et Philippe Vincke (April 2009). "Should you believe in the Shanghai ranking ?". Internal report LI Tours. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00388319/fr/. .
  14. ^ N.C. Liu and Y Cheng 2008 “Academic ranking of world universities: FAQ”[9], retrieved Jun 2009

Categories: University and college rankings

 

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