Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), ruled as King of England The first person to assume the title Rex Anglorum was Offa of Mercia, though his power did not survive him. In the 9th century the kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825, became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England. The continuous list of English monarchs traditionally begins with Egbert of Wessex in 8 (1154–1189), Count of Anjou The title Count of Anjou was first granted in the ninth century to Ingelger, a viscount who held land around Orléans and Angers. His descendants, who included some kings of England, continued to hold these titles and property until the French monarchy gained control of the area. Thereafter the titles Count of Anjou and, after 1360, Duke of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy Duke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy. The title refers to the region of Normandy in France and several associated islands in the English Channel, Duke of Aquitaine The Duke of Aquitaine ruled the historical region of Aquitaine under the supremacy of Frankish, English and later French kings, Duke of Gascony The Duchy of Vasconia , later known as Gascony, was a Merovingian creation: a frontier duchy on the Garonne, in the border with the rebel Basque tribes. During the collapse of Frankish authority in the region in the year 660, it gained de facto and possibly de jure independence, in personal union with the Duchy of Aquitaine (north and east of the, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland There were 33 English and British monarchs who were also monarchs of Ireland from 1177 to 1949. Henry II of England first created the title of Lord of Ireland for his youngest son John Lackland in 1177. He had first sought to have John made King of Ireland. This would appear to have been a strategy of his father's to divide his Angevin possessions and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Henry, the great-grandson of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror (c. 1027 or 1028 – 9 September 1087), also known as William I of England, was the King of England from Christmas, 1066 until his death. He was also William II, Duke of Normandy, from 3 July 1035 until his death. Before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" because of the illegitimacy of, was the first of the House of Plantagenet The House of Plantagenet , or First House of Anjou, was a royal house founded by Henry II of England, son of Geoffrey V of Anjou. The Plantagenet kings first ruled the Kingdom of England in the 12th century. Their male line originated in Gâtinais in France, while their direct ancestors had ruled the County of Anjou since the 9th century. The to rule England. Henry was the first to use the title "King of England" (as opposed to "King of the English").
He is also known as Henry Curtmantle (French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in: Henri Court-manteau) and Henry Fitz-Empress.
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Early life and descent
Henry II was born in Le Mans Le Mans is a city in France, located on the Sarthe River. Traditionally the capital of the province of Maine, it is now the capital of the Sarthe department and the seat of the Roman Catholic diocese of Le Mans. Le Mans is a part of the Pays de la Loire region, France, on 5 March 1133.[1] His father, Geoffrey V of Anjou Geoffrey , called the Handsome (French: le Bel) and Plantagenet, was the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine by inheritance from 1129 and then Duke of Normandy by conquest from 1144. By his marriage to the Empress Matilda, daughter and heiress of Henry I of England, Geoffrey had a son, Henry Curtmantle, who succeeded to the English throne and (Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Fulk of Jerusalem Fulk , also known as Fulk the Younger, was Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129, and King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death. He was also the paternal grandfather of Henry II of England), was Count of Anjou The title Count of Anjou was first granted in the ninth century to Ingelger, a viscount who held land around Orléans and Angers. His descendants, who included some kings of England, continued to hold these titles and property until the French monarchy gained control of the area. Thereafter the titles Count of Anjou and, after 1360, Duke of Anjou and Count of Maine. His mother, Empress Matilda Empress Matilda, also known as Matilda of England or Maude was the daughter and heir of King Henry I of England. Matilda and her younger brother, William Adelin, were the only legitimate children of King Henry to survive to adulthood. Her brother died in the White ship disaster, making Matilda the last heir from the paternal line of her, was a claimant to the English throne as the daughter of Henry I Henry I was the fourth son of William I of England. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. He was called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the administrative and (1100–1135), son of William The Conqueror William the Conqueror (c. 1027 or 1028 – 9 September 1087), also known as William I of England, was the King of England from Christmas, 1066 until his death. He was also William II, Duke of Normandy, from 3 July 1035 until his death. Before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" because of the illegitimacy of, Duke of Normandy Duke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy. The title refers to the region of Normandy in France and several associated islands in the English Channel. His own claim to the throne was strengthened by his descent from both the English Saxon kings The House of Wessex, also known as the House of Cerdic, refers to the family that ruled a kingdom in southwest England known as Wessex. This House was in power from the 6th century under Cerdic of Wessex to the unification of the Kingdoms of England and the kings of Scotland The so-called House of Dunkeld, in Scottish Gaelic Dùn Chailleann , is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the clear succession of Scottish kings from 1034 to 1040 and from 1058 to 1290 through his maternal grandmother Matilda of Scotland, whose father was Malcolm III of Scotland Máel Coluim mac Donnchada , called in most Anglicised regnal lists Malcolm III, and in later centuries nicknamed Canmore, "Big Head" or Long-neck (died 13 November 1093), was King of Scots. It has also been argued recently that the real "Malcolm Canmore" was this Malcolm's great-grandson Malcolm IV, who is given this name in and whose mother was Margaret of Wessex (Saint Margaret of Scotland), grand-daughter of Edmund Ironside Edmund Ironside or Edmund II (c. 988/993 – 30 November 1016) was king of the English from 23 April to 30 November 1016. The cognomen "Ironside" refers to his efforts to fend off a Viking invasion led by Cnut the Great. His authority was limited to Wessex, or the area south of Thames. The north was controlled by Cnut, who became ".
He spent his childhood in his father's land of Anjou Anjou is a former county (c. 880), duchy (1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Loire Valley of western France. It corresponds largely to the present-day département of Maine-et-Loire. Its traditional Latin name is Andegavia. At the age of nine, Robert of Gloucester took him to England, where he received education from Master Matthew at Bristol, with the assistance of Adelard of Bath Adelard of Bath (c. 1080 – c. 1152) was a 12th century English scholar. He is known both for his original works and for translating many important Arabic scientific works of astrology, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics into Latin, as well as some ancient Greek texts in Arabic translation, which were then introduced to Western Europe. He and possibly Geoffrey of Monmouth Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100 – c. 1155) was a British cleric and one of the major figures in the development of British history and the popularity of tales of King Arthur. He is best known for his chronicle Historia Regum Britanniae ("History of the Kings of Britain"), widely popular in its day and translated to various other. In 1144, he was returned to Normandy where his education was continued by William of Conches.[2]
Marriage and legitimate children
See also: List of members of the House of PlantagenetOn 18 May 1152, at Poitiers,[3] at the age of 19, Henry married Eleanor of Aquitaine Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122[note 1] – 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. As well as being Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, she was queen consort of France 1137-1152 and queen consort of England 1154-1189. She was the patroness of such literary figures as Wace, Benoî. The wedding was "without the pomp or ceremony that befitted their rank,"[4] partly because only two months previously Eleanor's marriage to Louis VII of France Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young, French: Louis le Jeune , was King of France, the son and successor of Louis VI (hence his nickname). He ruled from 1137 until his death. He was a member of the House of Capet. His reign was dominated by feudal struggles (in particular with the Angevin family), and saw the beginning of the long feud had been annulled. Their relationship, always stormy, eventually disintegrated: after Eleanor encouraged her children to rebel against their father in 1173, Henry had her placed under house arrest In justice and law, house arrest is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to his or her residence. Travel is usually restricted, if allowed at all. House arrest is a lenient alternative to prison time or juvenile-detention time, where she remained for fifteen years.[5]
Henry and Eleanor had eight children, William William was the first child of Henry Plantagenet (later Henry II of England) and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was born in Normandy on the same day that his father's rival, Eustace IV of Boulogne, died, Henry Henry, known as the Young King was the second of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was junior King of England; Duke of Normandy, Count of Anjou and Maine, Richard Richard I was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Ireland, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was known as Cœur de Lion, or Richard the Lionheart,, Geoffrey Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186, through his marriage with the heiress Constance. Geoffrey was the fourth son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, John John was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death. He acceded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I, who died without issue. John was the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, and was their second surviving son to ascend the throne; thus, he continued the line of Plantagenet, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan. William died in infancy. As a result Henry was crowned as joint king when he came of age. However, because he was never king in his own right, he is known as "Henry the Young King", not Henry III. In theory, Henry would have inherited the throne from his father, Richard his mother's possessions, Geoffrey would have Brittany Brittany (French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] ; Breton: Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a cultural and administrative region in the north-west of France. Previously as a kingdom and then as a duchy, Brittany was a fief of the Kingdom of France. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great, and John would be Lord of Ireland There were 33 English and British monarchs who were also monarchs of Ireland from 1177 to 1949. Henry II of England first created the title of Lord of Ireland for his youngest son John Lackland in 1177. He had first sought to have John made King of Ireland. This would appear to have been a strategy of his father's to divide his Angevin possessions. However, fate would ultimately decide much differently.
It has been suggested by John Speed John Speed was a historian and cartographer, whose maps of English counties are often found framed in homes throughout the United Kingdom's 1611 book, History of Great Britain, that another son, Philip, was born to the couple. Speed's sources no longer exist, but Philip would presumably have died in early infancy.[6]
Appearance
Several sources record Henry's appearance. They all agree that he was very strong, energetic and surpassed his peers athletically.
...he was strongly built, with a large, leonine head, freckle fiery face and red hair cut short. His eyes were grey and we are told that his voice was harsh and cracked, possibly because of the amount of open-air exercise he took. He would walk or ride until his attendants and courtiers were worn out and his feet and legs were covered with blisters and sores... He would perform all athletic feats.
- John Harvey (Modern)
...the lord king has been red-haired so far, except that the coming of old age and grey hair has altered that colour somewhat. His height is medium, so that neither does he appear great among the small, nor yet does he seem small among the great... curved legs, a horseman's shins, broad chest, and a boxer's arms all announce him as a man strong, agile and bold... he never sits, unless riding a horse or eating... In a single day, if necessary, he can run through four or five day-marches and, thus foiling the plots of his enemies, frequently mocks their plots with surprise sudden arrivals... Always are in his hands bow, sword, spear and arrow, unless he be in council or in books.
A man of reddish, freckled complexion, with a large, round head, grey eyes that glowed fiercely and grew bloodshot in anger, a fiery countenance and a harsh, cracked voice. His neck was poked forward slightly from his shoulders, his chest was broad and square, his arms strong and powerful. His body was stocky, with a pronounced tendency toward fatness, due to nature rather than self-indulgence - which he tempered with exercise.
Character
Like his grandfather, Henry I of England Henry I was the fourth son of William I of England. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. He was called Beauclerc for his scholarly interests and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the administrative and, Henry II had an outstanding knowledge of the law. A talented linguist and excellent Latin speaker, he would sit on councils in person whenever possible. His interest in the economy was reflected in his own frugal lifestyle. He dressed casually except when tradition dictated otherwise and ate a sparing diet.[7]
He was modest and mixed with all classes easily. "He does not take upon himself to think high thoughts, his tongue never swells with elated language; he does not magnify himself as more than man".[8] His generosity was well-known and he employed a Templar The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple (French: Ordre du Temple or Templiers), were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders. The organization existed for approximately two centuries in the Middle Ages to distribute one tenth of all the food bought to the royal court amongst his poorest subjects.
Henry also had a good sense of humour and was never upset at being the butt of the joke. Once while he sat sulking and occupying himself with needlework, a courtier suggested that such behavior was to be expected from a descendant of the bastard son of a tanner's daughter (referring to his great-grandfather William the Conqueror William the Conqueror , also known as William I of England, was the King of England from Christmas, 1066 until his death. He was also William II, Duke of Normandy, from 3 July 1035 until his death. Before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" (French: Guillaume le Bâtard) because of the illegitimacy of his birth being the son of Herleva, daughter of Fulbert a tanner from the Norman town of Falaise). The king rocked with laughter and even explained the joke to those who did not immediately grasp it.[9]
"His memory was exceptional: he never failed to recognize a man he had once seen, nor to remember anything which might be of use. More deeply learned than any king of his time in the western world".[7]
In contrast, the king's temper has been written about. His actions against Thomas Becket Thomas Becket , later also known as Thomas à Becket, was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II of England over the rights and privileges of the Church and was assassinated by followers of the are evidence of his blinding temper, along with his conflict with William I of Scotland William I , known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough", (1142/1143 – 4 December 1214) reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. His reign was the second longest in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707, (James VI's was the longest 1567–1625). He became King following his brother Malcolm IV's death on 9 December.[10]
Construction of an empire
Main article: Angevin Empire The term Angevin Empire is a modern term describing the collection of states once ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynastyHenry's claims by blood and marriage
Henry II depicted in Cassell's History of England (1902).Henry's father, Geoffrey Plantagenet Geoffrey , called the Handsome (French: le Bel) and Plantagenet, was the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine by inheritance from 1129 and then Duke of Normandy by conquest from 1144. By his marriage to the Empress Matilda, daughter and heiress of Henry I of England, Geoffrey had a son, Henry Curtmantle, who succeeded to the English throne and, held rich lands as a vassal from Louis VII of France Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young, French: Louis le Jeune , was King of France, the son and successor of Louis VI (hence his nickname). He ruled from 1137 until his death. He was a member of the House of Capet. His reign was dominated by feudal struggles (in particular with the Angevin family), and saw the beginning of the long feud. Maine Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France . It corresponds to the old county of Maine, with its center, the city of Le Mans and Anjou Anjou is a former county (c. 880), duchy (1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Loire Valley of western France. It corresponds largely to the present-day département of Maine-et-Loire. Its traditional Latin name is Andegavia were therefore Henry's by birthright, amongst other lands in Western France.[4] By maternal claim, Normandy was also to be his. From a contemporary perspective, however, the most notable inheritance Henry received from his mother was a claim to the English throne. Granddaughter of William the Conqueror William the Conqueror (c. 1027 or 1028 – 9 September 1087), also known as William I of England, was the King of England from Christmas, 1066 until his death. He was also William II, Duke of Normandy, from 3 July 1035 until his death. Before his conquest of England, he was known as "William the Bastard" because of the illegitimacy of, Empress Matilda Empress Matilda, also known as Matilda of England or Maude was the daughter and heir of King Henry I of England. Matilda and her younger brother, William Adelin, were the only legitimate children of King Henry to survive to adulthood. Her brother died in the White ship disaster, making Matilda the last heir from the paternal line of her was to be queen regnant of England, but her throne was usurped by her cousin, Stephen of England Stephen , often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was a grandson of William the Conqueror. He was the last Norman King of England, from 1135 to his death, and also the Count of Boulogne jure uxoris. His reign was marked by civil war with his rival the Empress Matilda and general chaos, known as The Anarchy. He was succeeded by Matilda's son, Henry. Henry's efforts to restore the royal line to his own family would create a dynasty spanning three centuries and thirteen kings.
Henry's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine placed him firmly in the ascendancy.[4] His plentiful lands were added to his new wife's possessions, giving him control of Aquitaine and Gascony. The riches of the markets and vineyards in these regions, combined with Henry's already plentiful holdings, made Henry the most powerful vassal in France.
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Henry ii curtmantle king of England was born on 25 Mar 1133 in Le Mans He died on 6 Jul 1189 in Chinon He was buried in Fontevraud Abbey He is reference number 1076 Henry II
Joe Falvey
Fri, 13 Aug 2010 09:04:10 GM
Within a few years of being captured, Waterford was escalated to the status of Royal City owing allegiance to the Anglo Norman King of . England. , . Henry II. . Modern day Waterford still retains six towers and the longest stretches of town ...
Q. Jews were banned from entering BRITIAN for 300 years, until Oliver Cromwell allowed their return. In the Middle Ages, lending money with interest - usury - was considered a sin and forbidden to Christians. But medieval monarchs found it useful that Jews were allowed to engage in the practice. The outsiders financed royal consumption, adventures and wars - and made themselves rich in the process. By 1168, the value of the personal property of the Jews (around 60,000) was regarded as a quarter of the entire wealth of England. And when Aaron of Lincoln died not long after - all property obtained by usury passing to the king on the death of the usurer - Henry II inherited the then massive sum of 15,000. During Henry II's reign, Jews lived… [cont.]
Asked by hindutrinity - Fri Jul 13 17:50:05 2007 - - 7 Answers - 4 Comments
A. Christians have told me that it wasn't "real" Christians who did such things. "Real" Christians would never commit such atrocities as the Holocaust, etc. None of those Europeans that participated with the Nazis, or allowed others to be tortured were "real" Christians. I'm not sure why they insist on calling nations "Christian" when they insist on distinguishing between the "real" and the "fake." Is there a "Christian" culture anywhere on earth that hasn't committed atrocities? How long will it take those "real" Christians to create peace? Why do they wait for "Christ's return?" If the messiah's purpose is to bring peace on earth, why don't they work toward that goal to "prove" he's been here? .
Answered by Hatikvah JPA - Tue Jul 17 09:03:06 2007
